segunda-feira, 8 de dezembro de 2008

Projeto PAMELA - Fim de Vida de Aeronaves




Projeto PAMELA (Process for Advanced Management of End-of Life of Aircraft)

65% de materiais reciclados
85% de peso transformado em valor monetário, em termos de equipamento e material

75% menos ruído e 70% menos de emissão de CO2 (Dióxido de Carbono) no final de 40 anos

24262 novas entregas de aeronaves cargueiras e de passageiros no período de 2007 a 2026.

Demanda do mercado por 1200 aeronaves por ano.

Nos próximos 20 anos, as linhas aéreas do planeta requererá 23385 novas aeronaves de transporte de passageiros com mais de 100 assentos, equivalente a US$ 2.6 trilhões, para satisfazer a demanda de viagens aéreas.

A demanda do tráfego aéreo de passageiros crescerá 4.9% ao ano.

A frota do planeta, a qual inclui ambas aeronaves de transporte de passageiros (aeronaves com 100 assentos a aeronaves maiores) e aeronaves cargueiras, crescerão de 14980 no fim de 2008 pata perto de 33000 em 2026.


Ao mesmo tempo, cerca de 13772 aeronaves da frota existente serão substituídas por modelos mais ecologicamente corretos (leia-se eficientes).


Destas 13772, quase 4500 serão recicladas de volta ao serviço de passageiros, onde elas também substituirão um modelo de geração mais antiga com outra linha aérea.Está também previsto que quase 3000 aeronaves serão convertidas em cargueiros e o remanescente de 6500 aeronaves serão permanentemente aposentado ou retirado de serviço, onde números crescentes serão desativados através de programas ambientais sensíveis, tais como o projeto PAMELA da Airbus.

Olhando isto em mais detalhes, a maior demanda por aeronaves de passageiros virá de linhas aéreas nos Estados Unidos, República da China e Reino Unido. A Europa receberá 24% do total, com a América do Norte e Pacífico-Ásia tomando 27% e 31% respectivamente.

Em acrescimo, as linhas aéreas do planeta requererão mais que 6000 aeronaves menores ( com 30 a 100 assentos) para servir a demanda regional, especialmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa.

Enquanto a demanda de tráfego aéreo quase triplicará, linhas aéreas mais que dobrarão suas frotas de aeronaves de passageiros (com mais de 100 assentos), se 13284 em 2006 a 28534 em 2026.

Isto incluirá entrega de 23385 aeronaves novas.

Cerca de 16620 destas, serão de corredor simples para fluxo regional e intradoméstico, o qual é maior que nas previsões anteriores devido ao surgimento de companhias aéreas de baixo-custo e crescente liberalização.


Tanto quanto 5482 aeronaves de passageiros com corredor duplo serão requeridas para servir o existente, principalmente internacional, mercado e novas rotas criadas pela evolução do mercado em andamento, enquanto por volta de 1283 aeronaves muito grandes para passageiros serão necessárias para ligar cidades bases.


Notavelmente, 56% da frota mundial de aeronaves de grande porte serão operados pelas linhas aéreas da região Pacífico-Asiática.


terça-feira, 18 de novembro de 2008

Jet Lag - time to bed


JET LAG

The difference in time that occurs when we cross TIME ZONE.

We have internal clock that determines when we should sleep, wake up, eat, or perform other functions during a 24-hour period. So most travelers are not able to adjust to the shorter or longer day.
JET LAG is worse after a flight East than it is after a flight West. Most people can adjust a little better to a longer day than they can to a shorter day. It's also true that people over thirty who tend to have a more established routine are likely to suffer the most from JET LAG.

How can deal with JET LAG?

To minimize the effects of JET LAG a scheduling arrangement should be considered for an early evening arrival.

That would force travelers just go to bed in short time after they get in their hotel rooms. But there is also some evidence that light plays a role in accommodating a new sleep cycle. In addition, it seems that a FULL STOMACH increases the symptoms of restless and fatigue. In fact, eating a small meal on the plane should help as long as travelers don't find the nearest restaurant when they land.

Finally, ALCOHOL tends to dehydrate the body, which appears to make JET LAG worse. So that's why it's better to drink lots of water and avoid drinking alcohol on the plane.

Researchers tell us how long it takes to adjust to a new TIME ZONE

Some studies show that we (Pilots, Flight Attendants and Travalers) require half a day for each TIME ZONE crossed. So if you can't include a stopover on a long flight, it is better not to schedule an important meeting for the day after your arrival.

For Brazilian crew only

(Law 7183, April 5, 1984)

Chapter II - Workload Rules

Section V - Flight and Landing Limits

Article 28 - "Flight-hour" is a period of time between the initial plane taxi to takeoff and the engines shutdown time after landing.

Article 29 - "Flight-hours" and Landing time limits for single or minimum crew as stated on aircraft certifications should be:

a) 09:30 hours and 5 Landings

Section VI - Job Rest Period

Article 34 - Thes rest is a period of time without interruption in which any crewmember has no duty to perfom after a flight journey.

a) The Job rest will last at least 12 hours after 12-hours-flight journey.

Article 35 - 2(two) hours will be add to rest time per each TIME ZONE crossed and the rest will be accomplished after crewmembers have endend their flight jouney and they have come back to their home bases.

quinta-feira, 30 de outubro de 2008

HYPOXIA - TRAP IN THE AIR












HYPOXIA - TRAP IN THE AIR

What is HYPOXIA? (AIM §8-2)
Hypoxia is a state of OXYGEN deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs.

Cabin depressurization effects on human physiology

Carbon dioxide and water vapor pressure affect alveolar Oxygen.

Mean Sea Level - MSL
IN THE AIR
Barometric pressure in standard day is 760 mm Hg
Oxygen pressure is 159 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation 97%

IN ALVEOLI (in the Lungs)
Oxygen pressure is 104 mm Hg
Carbone dioxide pressure is 40 mm Hg
Alveolar ventilation is 40 mm Hg

29000 Flight Level
IN THE AIR
Barometric pressure is around 226 mm Hg
Oxygen pressure is 47 mm Hg
Oxygen saturation 24%

IN ALVEOLI
Oxygen pressure is 18 mm Hg
Carbone dioxide is 24 mm Hg
Alveolar ventilation is 7 mm Hg (due to breathe increase)

39000 Flight Level
Barometric pressure is around 141 mm Hg
Oxigen pressure is 29 mm Hg

49000 Flight Level
Barometric Pressure is around 87 mm Hg
Oxygen pressure is 18 mm Hg

Suppose we would be able to make flight on Flight Level 29000 feet without PRESSURIZATION.(somewhat near Everest top)
Barometric Pressure is 226 mm Hg
minus H2O water vapor pressure which is 47 mm Hg (normal body temperature)
minus CO2 Carbone dioxide alveolar pressure is 7 mm Hg

Remaining pressure is 172 mm Hg

(whether there were no other Oxygen application)
One fifth would be Oxygen (34.4 mm Hg)
four fifth would be Nitrogen (137.6 mm Hg)

We would only get one fifth of Oxygen pressure for the bloodstream (34.4 mm Hg) instead of 104 mm Hg at Mean Sea Level.

What is hyperventilation? (AIM §8-2)

It is an abnormal increase in the volume of air brethed in and out of the lungs. It can occur subconsciously when a stressful situation is encountered in flight. This results in a significant decrease in the Carbon dioxide content of the blood. Carbon dioxide, of course, is needed to automatically regulate the breathing process.

Alcohol and Drugs

Histotoxic Hypoxia can be induced by the introduction of substances like alcohol or Drugs into tissue, reducing its ability to accept OXIGEN from bloodstream.

Anaemic Hypoxia is a reult of the blood being unable to carry OXYGEN, e.g. caused by exposure to Carbon MONOxide.

When a pilot take only carbohydrate in her/his diet the Respiratory Quotient is 1.00.
R.Q. is the ratio of the volume of Carbon dioxide released to the volume of oxygen consumed by a body tissue or an organism in a given period.
Otherwise, when pilots eat fatty food only, the R. Q. decrease to 0.7.
In normal diet for Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein the R.Q is 0.825.

Stagnant Hypoxia results from the body's inability to carry OXIGEN to the BRAIN, which can result from high-gravity forces causing blood to pool in the lower extremities of the body.

Time of Safe Unconsciousness

Some experts believe that for passengers - in contradiction to the crew - a short period of unconsciousness during cabin depressurization can be tolerated since they are not performing an operational task. Unconsciousness is a clear sign of insufficient OXIGEN supply to the BRAIN and it is obvious that this time can only be very short before permanent brain demage occurs.

It is believed that a safe time of unconsciousness is somewhere between 90 seconds and 4 minutes.

Time of Uncounsciousness

20000 feet
All unacclimatized persons lose useful consciousness within 10 minutes
25000 feet
Useful consciousness is lost after 2.5 minutes or less
30000 feet
Approximately 30 seconds
37000 feet
Approximately 18 seconds
45000 feet
Approximately 15 seconds

Very large numbers of aircrew and passengers have been exposed to breathing air at cabin altitudes up to 8000 feet over the last 60 years cithout significant deleterious effect. Although exposure to this altitude reduces the OXYGEN partial pressure in the pulmonary tract the tissues of the body are maintained well above the required level.

Carbon MONOxide has a 240-times greater tendency than Oxygen to attach red blood haemoglobin, thus inactivating a large amount of haemoglobin as an Oxigen carrier.

REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL
CS/FAR 25.841 (a): Maximum cabin pressure altitude under normal operation: 8000 feet
CS/FAR 25.841 (a): Maximum cabin pressure altitude after any probale failure condition in the pressurization system: 15000 feet.
FAR 25.841 (a) (2) (i): Maximum exposure time to cabin presure altitude exceeding 25000 feet: 2 minutes
FAR 25.841 (a) (2) (ii): Exposure to cabin pressure altitude that exceeds 40000 feet: NOT ALLOWED

CABIN OCCUPANTS
CS/FAR 25.1443 (c): Provides oxigen system performance data on oxygen flow and required partial pressure of oxygen
CS/FAR 25.1447 (c): The total number of masks in the cabin must exceed the number of seats by at least 10%
CS/FAR 25.1443 (d): Defines oxygen flow for first-aid oxygen equipment ( for cabin depressurization treatment)
JAR OPS 1.760/FAR 121.333 (e) (3): Requires first-aid oxygen for at least 2% of passengers
JAR OPS1.770 (b) (2) (i)/FAR 121.329 (c): Defines the percentage of passengers that need to be provided eith supplemental oxygen (cabin pressure altitude dependent)

FLIGHT
CREW
CS/FAR 25.1443 (a) and (b): Provides oxygen system performance data on oxygen flow and required partial pressure of oxygen
CS/FAR 25.1447 (c) (2) (i): For aircraft operating above 25000 feet quick donning oxygen masks are required for the flight crew wich can be donned with one hand within 5 seconds
FAR 121.333 (c) (2) (i) (A): One flight crew member needs to wear permanently his oxygen mask when the aircraf is operated above Flight Level 41000 feet
FAR 121.333 (c) (3): In case of one flight crew member leaves the control the remaining pilot needs to use his oxygen mask when the aircraft is operated above 25000 feet

Any delay in donning a mask will significantly increase the risck of losing consciousness.

sexta-feira, 19 de setembro de 2008

Stabilized Approach - Ready for Go-around?



Land ESAP


Land ASAP
*Land as soon as possible

In some circumstances, the role of airmanship and good judgment should be clarified.

Even in this situation – RED WARNING – procedures do not decide on behalf of the crew. The level of emergency and the time available should be evaluated. Crew good judgment and decision are based on the time available, the type of failure, the flight situation and the environment ( weather, characteristic of surrounding terrain, etc…)

Sometimes, the main reasons behind the procedures should be explained

For example, in case of TAIL PIPE FIRE
The crew must perform the following actions:

Shut down the engine
(MASTER switch ser to OFF)
Do NOT press ENG FIRE pushbutton

Why?

Because FCTM02.03

This would stop power to the FADECs and would stop the motoring sequence
The fire extinguisher must not be used, as it will not extinguish any internal engine fire.

As a first priority, the engine must be ventilated

“Follow the procedures” is NOT sufficient.
Not even the best procedures can be considered perfect. Extensively tested before implementation, SOPs are the outcome of a lot of expertise.
However, the environment is dynamic, and procedures can only provide baselines. Not ser of procedures can substitute for human intelligence and flight experience.

SAFETY = Safe aircraft + procedures + pilot’s competence as an ability to manage the expected and unexpected

COMPLIANCE TO OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

Why do well trained and experienced pilots NOT always follow procedures?

By Clarie Pelegrin
Director Human Factors
Airbus

For years, everybody has shared that same idea that safety will be guaranteed if pilots ares selected and trained, so as to strictly apply procedures.

The method was:
Tell them
Train them
Enforce them

To follow procedures.

When incidents or accidents occur, most of the time a non-adherence to procedures is mentioned. But this is not sufficient to explain accidents, because every day pilots do not follow procedures and this does not always lead to accidents.

In the aviation domain, the purpose of introducing procedures was to enhance safety in normal and abnormal conditions, by reducing uncertainty and thus risks. The rationale was obvious, and the benefits so blatant that the aeronautical industry has been using procedures for many years.
It is now undisputed that pilots shall adhere to the procedures designed for them. But real life is not always that simple.

The objective of this article is to understand the complete picture: good procedures design is important as well as appropriate explanations to ensure pilots have sufficient confidence in their skills and judgment to manage the situation.

Each procedure is designed as the best and safest way to do a given task. Flight deck procedures are the skeleton of flight operations. They are the structure and the organizations by which a pilot can fly and interact with the aircraft and other crewmembers.

Role of Procedures

Everybody knows the obvious role of procedures as a GUIDE for action ( individual and collective guide). It tells the pilot

What to do
When to do it

Sequence, order, synchronization

How to do it
Who should do it


Organised task sharing

What to observe and what to check
What type of feed back is provided to the other crewmember

But procedures also have additional safety functions, which sometimes are not taught and explained well enough:

They support:
1 – Situation awareness and anticipation
2 – Decision making by providing
3 - Error management
4 – Support risk management within complex and dynamic situations

Procedures implementation

Not everything is predictable, and there is no magic in procedures. Mismatches do exist between procedures and actions. Implementing a procedure is not a simple automatic process.
A procedure implementation is by nature different from the procedure itself: the first one is an action, the second one is an instruction. The procedure specifies the tasks, then the piot will have his/her own way for implementing the task.

Human performance is not stable, and can be impaired by a variety of factors such as fatigue, stress, workload or operational pressure. This can impair procedure implementation. This is why it is important to understand the triggering factors behind procedure deviations in order to minimize them.

Most of the time, crew action includes much more than what is written. It requires sophisticated mental functions such as:
1 – Understand the situation
2 – Understanding the procedure and its meaning
3 – Ensuring that all pre-conditions are checked
4 – Anticipating the expected results
5 – Ensuring that all actions requested by the procedures are performed in the right order, with good judgment and with food synchronization between crewmembers

quarta-feira, 13 de agosto de 2008

Relatório de Perigo - RELPER

CENIPA cria Programa de Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos

Diário Oficial da União nº 151 de 07 AGO 2008

O Programa de Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos - PPAA deverá conter a análise dos dados coletados em relatos e relatórios, a fim de enfatizar as falhas encontradas, os setores mais sensíveis e as atitudes que serão adotadas para minimizar ou corrigir essas falhas, seja através de atividades educativas e promocionais ou implementação de programas específicos.

O programa estabelece o período de vigência de 12 meses para órgãos militares.

No âmbito da aviação militar, o Programa de Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos tem vigência de doze meses a partir da data limite de aprovação, segundo o que se segue(NR) - PORTARIA EMAER Nº 39 /CEN, de 10 de julho de 2008.

O PPAA para o Comando da Aeronáutica deverá ser aprovado até o dia 31 de março.
Para Aviação Civil, o prazo é ILIMITADO.

No âmbito da aviação civil, os PPAA terão prazo de validade indeterminado, devendo as modificações e atualizações propostas, uma vez aceitas, serem incluídas no respectivo Programa(NR) - PORTARIA EMAER Nº 39 /CEN, de 10 de julho de 2008.

No âmbito da aviação civil, todas as empresas fabricantes de motores de aeronaves e componentes, operadores aeroportuários sujeitos a processo de homologação pela Autoridade de Aviação Civil, oficinas de manutenção de aeronaves sujeitas a processo de homologação pela Autoridade de Aviação Civil, operadoras de transporte aéreo público regular, de táxi aéreo, de serviços aéreos especializados, os aeroclubes e escolas de aviação que desenvolvem atividade prática de instrução aérea, elaborarão os seus respectivos Programas de Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, tendo como referência o tipo de atividade aérea desenvolvida; os meios aéreos, humanos e de apoio; a influência do ambiente operacional; a mentalidade de Segurança de Vôo existente na coletividade; o histórico de acidentes, incidentes aeronáuticos e ocorrências de solo, além de outras variáveis existentes (NR) - PORTARIA EMAER Nº39 /CEN, de 10 de julho de 2008.

O PPAA para o Comando da Aeronáutica e o PPAA da Aviação Civil Brasileira são aprovados pelo Chefe do EMAER (NR) - PORTARIA EMAER Nº 39 /CEN, de 10 de julho de 2008.

ATIVIDADES EDUCATIVAS


DEFINIÇÃO E FINALIDADE

Atividades educativas são eventos que objetivam otimizar a consciência da coletividade para a importância da Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, através de aulas, palestras,reuniões, treinamentos e etc.Sua finalidade é difundir ensinamentos a respeito de assuntos afetos à Segurança de Vôo, devendo tais atividades ser destinadas a todos aqueles envolvidos com a atividade aérea.

CONTEÚDO
As atividades educativas voltadas para a Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos são programadas de modo que envolva, dentre outros:a) a divulgação de ensinamentos colhidos em investigações de acidentes e incidentes aeronáuticos, ocorridos ou não na própria organização:

a) a divulgação de ensinamentos colhidos em investigações de acidentes eincidentes aeronáuticos, ocorridos ou não na própria organização;
b) a divulgação de fatos observados em Relatórios de Perigo e em Vistorias de Segurança de Vôo realizadas, salientando as providencias corretivas;
c) os princípios da filosofia SIPAER;
d) os Programas específicos de Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos;
e) a Psicologia e a atividade aérea, englobando os modelos SHELL e Reason;
f) os aspectos fisiológicos que envolvem o vôo;
g) a importância do repouso e alimentação adequados;
h) a contra-indicação de medicamentos para o vôo e os perigos da automedicação;i) a aptidão física para o vôo;
j) a adequação dos ciclos de trabalho;
k) as limitações pessoais;
l) a ênfase nos conhecimentos técnicos e operacionais;
m) a importância da utilização dos equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI);
n) aerodinâmica prática (os problemas de vôo à baixa velocidade, manobras críticas, etc.);
o) procedimentos em caso de acidente (auxílio para as operações de busca e salvamento, preservação de destroços, etc.);
p) avaliação do PPAA anterior em função dos objetivos alcançados; e
q) outros.

OBRIGATORIEDADE

Nos programas curriculares de toda organização de ensino do Comando da Aeronáutica, incluindo UNIFA, AFA, EPCAR, EEAER, CIAAR e GITE, bem como as entidades destinadas a preparar profissionais para a aviação civil, devem constar assuntos relacionados à Filosofia do SIPAER e aos Fundamentos da Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, devendo ser adequados à categoria e ao nível do público a que se destina.

Os exames, na aviação militar e civil, para a obtenção ou revalidação dos cartões de vôo por instrumentos e de operacionalidade deverão incluir questões relativas à Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos.

RELATÓRIO DE PERIGO


DEFINIÇÃO E IMPORTÂNCIA

O Relatório de Perigo (RELPER) é o documento que contém o relato de fatos perigosos ou potencialmente perigosos para a Segurança de Vôo.

O RELPER é uma importante ferramenta da Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, pois permite que qualquer pessoa reporte situações perigosas ou potencialmente perigosas observadas, ou que delas teve conhecimento.

RELPER se destina, exclusivamente, à Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, por intermédio de alerta aos responsáveis pela manutenção das condições de segurança da atividade aérea.

FINALIDADE

O RELPER é preenchido com a finalidade de reportar situação de perigo real ou potencial, de forma que os responsáveis possam adotar ações corretivas adequadas para eliminá-lo, bem como divulgar as ações corretivas adotadas, visando a eliminação de situações de perigo semelhantes.

Quando o fato envolver falha material ou de procedimento de manutenção, no âmbito da aviação civil, deverá ser divulgado à cadeia sistêmica do ANAC, ao CENIPA, ao fabricante, à oficina de manutenção e a quem o elo SIPAER julgar conveniente.